Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Basics: Part Two

Anemia, Diabetes, and Chronic Kidney Disease

D iabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with excessive cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (1,2). Anemia is common among those with diabetes and CKD and greatly contributes to patient outcomes (3,4). Observational studies indicate that low Hb levels in such patients may increase risk for progression of kidney disease and cardiovascular morbidity and m...

Diabetes, chronic kidney disease and cancer risk.

The possible association between diabetes and cancer was first launched in 1932, when cancers in the intestine, uterus and pancreas were reported to occur more frequently among patients with diabetes [1]. However, it took some 70 years before the scientific community once more focused on this association. Several observational studies published over the last 10–15 years show unequivocally that ...

Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease Part 1

Hypertension is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving hemodialysis. The identification and treatment of hypertension in CKD has to face peculiar problems because of the marked alterations in 24-hour blood pressure (BP) profile, in particular of a reduced BP dipping at night, and the high prevalence of specific hy...

Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease Part 2

Blood pressure (BP) is characterized by high variability, including changes beat-to-beat (very short term), within 24 hours (short term), from day to day (midterm), and between visits spaced by weeks, months, seasons, and even years (long term). These variations can be estimated by means of continuous beat-to-beat BP recordings, repeated conventional office BP measures, 24-hour ambulatory BP mo...

Vitamin deficiencies in chronic kidney disease